![]() ![]() Indeed, item response analyses have found that negative consequence items vary by gender ( Kahler et al., 2004).Ī second major issue with research on gender differences in the experience of consequences relates to volume of alcohol. Although men tend to report experiencing more negative consequences of a “public” nature (e.g., harm to others), women are equally or more likely to report “private” consequences (e.g., harm to the self) ( Sugarman et al., 2009 Wechsler and Isaac, 1992). There is considerable evidence that young men experience more negative alcohol consequences than young women ( Engs and Hanson, 1990 Hammer and Pape, 1997), but it has been argued that these gender differences have been overestimated ( Perkins, 2002). These variables and limitations in prior research on alcohol consequences are briefly reviewed next.Demographic correlates of positive and negative alcohol consequences Several individual and contextual variables are important for understanding alcohol consequences experienced by college students, including gender, race/ethnicity, time of the year, alcohol use frequency and quantity, and intoxication. Accordingly, positive consequences may be an important but understudied factor in the escalation and maintenance of problem drinking. Positive consequences of alcohol have received considerably less research attention but are also meaningful ( Corbin et al., 2008) because they tend to be reported more frequently than negative consequences ( Park, 2004 Park and Grant, 2005) and are positively related to plans to drink in the future ( Patrick and Maggs, 2008). H azardous drinking is one of the most pressing public health concerns on college campuses and is linked to a host of problematic outcomes ( Hingson et al., 2009 Perkins, 2002 Wechsler et al., 2000). Greater positive and negative consequences were endorsed at the beginning of both academic semesters. Few racial/ethnic differences were found in report of negative consequences. The consequence with the largest gender difference was regretted sex, with women reporting it more often. With each additional drink consumed on a drinking day, the incidence of negative consequences more than doubled (incidence rate ratio = 2.34, 95% CI ), whereas the incidence of positive consequences increased by about half (IRR = 1.51, 95% CI ). Negative consequences had stronger associations with number of drinks and eBAC than positive consequences did. At the weekly level, number of drinking days, drinks per drinking day, and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC, reflecting intoxication) were significantly related to all consequences after controlling for demographics and time of year. Blackouts and getting physically sick were the most commonly endorsed negative consequences. Having a good time and feeling less stressed were the most commonly reported positive consequences. The majority of drinkers reported both positive and negative consequences.
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